How to identify and prevent nepotism in the workplace

In this piece, you will learn:

• What is nepotism in the workplace?
• The different types of nepotism
• Is nepotism illegal in the workplace?
• Why does nepotism in the workplace happen?
• Examples of nepotism in the workplace
• Difference between nepotism and referrals
• The pros and cons of nepotism
• How to report nepotism in the workplace
• How to avoid nepotism in the workplace

What is nepotism in the workplace?

Typical examples include someone in a managerial or executive position using their power to:

• Hire or promote a family member or friend over a better-qualified candidate
• Give employees preferential treatment during day-to-day activities (selection for desirable projects, poor work overlooked or unpunished, assigning uneven workloads, etc.)

Nepotism in the workplace is widely seen as unfair and harmful to businesses.

Allowing personal relationships to influence decisions can damage company performance and culture, leading to unqualified employees and undermining merit-based evaluations.

This practice often lowers productivity and increases employee turnover by limiting opportunities for talented workers, reducing morale, making staff unwilling to collaborate with one another and expand the organization’s institutional knowledge, and damaging trust between staff and leadership.

It also creates a closed system that prevents new voices from rising, perpetuating societal inequalities

However, in some cases, nepotism can be beneficial, such as in family-run businesses where unique skills and values are passed down.

In broader contexts, if a person close to influential figures has the necessary skills, nepotism might be justified, but only if the choice is based on merit rather than personal connections.

Types of nepotism in the workplace

There are two different types of nepotism:

• Reciprocal nepotism – when the person receiving favorable treatment does so for financial reasons, loyalty, improving the personal relationship, or due to cultural norms (e.g., nepotism is already prevalent).
• Entitlement nepotism – when the person receiving favorable treatment feels they deserve it just because of their personal connections.

Entitlement is closely related to elitism and the idea that only a subsect of society has the intrinsic abilities (quality, intellect, nobility, skills, intellect, etc.) to be in positions of power. Many countries around the world have problems with entitlement and elitism.

For example, only 7% of people are privately educated in Britain, yet they occupy 39% of top positions. Furthermore, there is a clear progression from fee-paying schools (7%) to Oxford and Cambridge graduates (1%) into the top jobs in the country. This pipeline represents 52% of senior judges, and a staggering 39% of Boris Johnson’s cabinet in Spring 2019 followed this path.

Cronyism could also be considered a form of nepotism, although it is specific to favorable treatment for friends and excludes family. Cronyism is found across many fields, including politics.

Is nepotism illegal in the workplace?

While the legal framework regarding nepotism in the workplace varies across countries, generally speaking, there are no specific laws against it in the private sector. However, in many countries, it is illegal to discriminate against employees (based on a range of potential factors), and it may be possible to prove discrimination in cases where nepotism occurs.

There is some grey area between nepotism and discrimination. While it is difficult to prove one crossing over into the other, organizations with nepotistic practices can leave themselves open to potential lawsuits.

In contrast to the private sector, many countries have specific nepotism laws related to government workplaces. For example, there are statutes and regulations mentioned by the Federal Civil Service prohibiting nepotism in the US. This includes:

• Criminal statute (18 U.S. Code – 208)
• Administrative statutes (5 U.S. Code – 2302(b)(7) and 3110)
• Regulations for ethical conduct by Federal employees (5 Code of Federal Regulations (C.F.R) – 2635.502)

Depending on the state, there are also statutes preventing lawmakers from hiring family members and creating a conflict of interest.

Why does nepotism in the workplace happen?

The leading cause of nepotism in the workplace is someone high up in a business willing to use their position to benefit personal relationships over the overall business objectives.

They look to help a friend or family member rather than making an unbiased decision based on factors such as:

• Relevant experience in related roles
• Qualifications or education
• Having compatible personality traits to fit the team
• Sharing the values of the organization

If nepotism becomes a factor in the workplace, it shows someone in a position of power is willing to act unethically.

For example, perhaps a manager is looking to provide a favor to get one in return; maybe they want to promote a close colleague or workplace ally who will side with them on decisions and help them consolidate further power within the organization.

Nepotism in the workplace often thrives within a broader toxic work culture where people put their own interests first.

To keep nepotism in check and ensure decision-making is based on the proper criteria requires strong leadership overseeing the management below. Staff also need to be able to expose instances of nepotism safely (without repercussion).

Examples of nepotism in the workplace

Nepotism exists across all sectors, including politics, business, media, and entertainment. Below are some prominent examples.

Nepotism in politics

• In 2017, Donald Trump appointed his daughter, Ivanka Trump and son-in-law Jared Kushner as senior advisers in the White House. The appointments exploited a loophole in federal anti-nepotism law (5 U.S.C. § 3110) that had not been tested against White House staff appointments. Ethics experts condemned the move as, Kushner in particular, held a senior role covering areas with significant potential financial implications for his business interests.
• Former UK Health Secretary Matt Hancock was accused of cronyism over a government PPE contract linked to a personal acquaintance. Reports revealed that Alex Bourne – a former pub landlord whom Hancock knew and who contacted him via WhatsApp – was connected to a £40 million subcontract to supply NHS test tubes during the COVID 19 pandemic, despite his company having little or no prior experience producing medical supplies.

Corporate nepotism

• Rolling Stone co-founder Jann Wenner appointed his 23-year-old son Gus to head digital operations across Rolling Stone, Us Weekly, and Men’s Journal. Reports indicated that Gus had worked at the company for only six or seven months prior to the appointment.
• Rupert Murdoch faced sustained investor criticism for elevating his sons through the News Corp structure. Lachlan Murdoch was appointed Deputy Chief Operating Officer at age 32; James Murdoch became CEO of British Sky Broadcasting at 31. Shareholders raised concerns about whether these appointments – made by a founder who retained disproportionate voting control – prioritised family succession over shareholder value.

Nepotism in entertainment and sports

• Nepotism in Hollywood is well-documented and is sometimes defended as a normal feature of a relationship-driven industry. High-profile examples include casting relatives of established directors, producers, and executives in key roles. The phenomenon has given rise to the term ‘nepo baby‘ – a colloquial label for celebrities whose careers are perceived to have benefited from their famous relatives.
• Successive corruption investigations into FIFA have documented how executive committee members awarded hosting rights, broadcast contracts, and commercial deals to companies run by friends, family members, or business associates, bypassing competitive processes.

Difference between nepotism and referrals

Some may argue that nepotism is just another form of referral, but the key difference lies in the evaluation process.

Referrals highlight a candidate’s skills, experience, and fit, ensuring decisions are based on merit.

Referrals help companies acquire talent by leveraging employees’ networks, but the final decision depends on the candidate’s qualifications.

Nepotism, however, involves personal relationships influencing hiring or promotions, leading to favoritism and biased decisions, regardless of the candidate’s true abilities.

Cons of nepotism

1. Reduced productivity, morale, and engagement

Nepotism can lead to unqualified employees who lack the skills to perform well, resulting in underperformance, mistakes, and slower operations. This harms overall company output, especially when those hired through nepotism hold leadership roles, creating more noticeable issues.

Other employees may pick up the slack, leading to resentment and burnout.

Over time, seeing unqualified hires succeed based on relationships, not merit, will lower morale and reduce motivation. This can result in decreased productivity, less innovation, and a decline in work quality.

2. Special treatment

Giving special treatment to certain employees can also produce resentment affecting the wider workforce.

Not holding everyone to the same standards exposes the hypocrisy in the organization’s leadership, worsening the relationship between staff and management.

3. Reduced employee development

Staff who work hard and produce excellent work lose motivation if they see someone chosen ahead of them based on a personal connection. No matter how hard they work, leadership places an artificial ceiling on their development through no fault of their own.

Nepotism can rob an organization of the talent they already have, talent that could drive them forward and produce the next high-performing leader with the correct development.

4. Increased turnover

This is closely related to employee turnover. Nepotism in the workplace inherently means an organization is not treating employees fairly. Why would a gifted employee continue working for a business where nepotism undermines their talent?

When employees don’t feel valued and recognized for their effort, they will start looking for new opportunities. This shrinks the talent pool available and causes issues during future hires.

Word gets around when a company struggles to hold onto its talent. High turnovers and continually hiring new staff is not a good sign and can lower the standard of applicants looking at a business’s open positions.

5. Poor corporate culture

Nepotism shows a company has questionable morals, accepts at least some level of unethical behavior, and is a common symptom of a poor corporate culture. Nepotism is a roadblock to a healthy work environment and leads to long-term problems maintaining a happy and productive team.

This is especially true if leadership espouses company values that contradict their real-life business practices, including nepotism.

6. Reduced diversity

Nepotism harms the diversity of the workforce. People hired and promoted tend to come from the same background as the people already in a position of power. Improving diversity in the corporate world is more than just the right thing to do; it makes business sense. With people from different backgrounds involved in decision-making, organizations hear a diverse range of opinions to learn new information and consider previously unseen factors.

7. Worse personal relationships

Nepotism ruins the relationship between employees and management. Employees that believe management has overlooked them for someone they consider underserving are not likely to trust their superiors moving forward.

Nepotism leads to staff leaving or, perhaps worse, remaining at the company and becoming actively disengaged, contributing to a toxic work environment. This type of attitude can spread quickly through an organization and create serious issues.

8. Potential lawsuits

Although nepotism is not illegal, it can lead to discrimination complaints and lawsuits. An employee who feels cheated or ignored through nepotism may also have been discriminated against and able to find grounds to sue or file a complaint.

For example, multiple instances of nepotism that involve people of the same race, religion, or gender could form the basis of a discrimination lawsuit.

Also, nepotism thrives in toxic work environments where people feel free to abuse their power. Therefore, nepotism is often a sign of other unethical or even illegal business practices.

Pros of nepotism

While nepotism is not a healthy or effective way to manage a business, there are some potential benefits to hiring a close friend or family member.

1. Known quantity

A manager hiring someone close to them gets a known commodity. They are aware of the person’s strengths and weaknesses, as well as their potential for growth.

There is only so much you can learn about a candidate during the hiring process, and selecting a close friend or family member can reduce the likelihood of unforeseen issues.

2. Shared values

Businesses strive to create an identity based on shared values.

A company choosing to hire someone from the same background as an existing leader is likely to find someone with a shared belief system known to match the business’s mission.

3. Personal connection

Someone with a personal connection to their boss may have extra incentive to work hard and make their career at the company a success.

They may even feel the need to overcompensate for how they got the job and prove to other employees they weren’t only hired due to nepotism.

How to report nepotism in the workplace

If you suspect nepotism in your workplace, it can be difficult to know how to respond. Taking a structured and professional approach can help you raise concerns effectively while protecting your own position.

1. Review company policies first

Before raising the issue, check your organisation’s employee handbook. Many companies have rules about hiring relatives, reporting relationships between family members, or favoritism in promotions.

Understanding the official policy will help you frame your concerns and determine whether the behaviour clearly violates company guidelines.

2. Document everything

Keep a personal record of relevant events. Note the dates, decisions, and actions that raised concerns, and save copies of relevant emails or messages.

Include details such as who was involved and any witnesses. Keep this record somewhere outside company systems. A well-kept log is the foundation of any formal complaint and gives your account credibility if the matter escalates.

3. Raise it with your manager

If appropriate, speak with your manager directly. Choose a calm moment, explain your concerns clearly, and focus on specific decisions or patterns of behaviour rather than making broad accusations.

Keeping the conversation factual and professional can make it easier for your manager to address the issue. In some situations, raising the concern informally is enough to prompt a change.

4. File a formal complaint with HR

If the situation continues, or if your manager is the source of the problem, you may need to file a formal complaint with your organisation’s HR department.

Bring your documentation, refer to relevant company policies, and request that the issue be handled through the organisation’s official grievance procedure. It is also helpful to ask for written confirmation that your complaint has been received.

5. Build a support network

Dealing with nepotism can feel isolating. Speaking with trusted colleagues who have observed similar patterns can provide support and, in some cases, additional evidence.

Mentors may also offer guidance on how to approach the situation constructively.

6. Protect your wellbeing

Workplace issues can be stressful and affect your confidence or job satisfaction.

Try to stay focused on your own performance and long-term career goals.
If the situation is affecting your wellbeing, consider using any available support resources, such as employee assistance programmes or professional counselling.

7. Seek legal advice if necessary

If you believe the situation has crossed into unlawful territory – for example, if you have experienced discrimination on the basis of a protected characteristic – seek independent legal advice.

Employment lawyers or advisory services can help you understand your rights and any time limits that may apply to employment claims.

How to avoid nepotism in the workplace

While nepotism can create serious problems for a business, it can be more challenging than you’d think to prevent it from creeping into your organization.

Tip #1. Define an anti-nepotism policy

Putting an anti-nepotism policy in writing and making it accessible to every employee (often in the employee handbook) helps remove potential conflicts of interest down the line.

For example, policies could:

• Prohibit family members from working in the same department
• Prevent situations where a family member reports to someone they are related to
• Ensure a family member does not have a direct say in a relative’s workload, promotion opportunities, or financial compensation

Tip #2. Leadership training

The anti-nepotism policy should become a part of leadership training alongside the expectation that all managers make decisions based on objective factors.

In addition, training needs to provide a clear definition of favoritism to ensure managers can both avoid it and report it when they see examples from other staff members.

Tip #3. Define a transparent hiring and promotion culture

Hiring new staff and promoting existing staff must be open and visible to all employees. Being transparent can help remove questions of nepotism by showing the thought process behind the decisions made.

This should include the involvement of multiple people with the HR department also looped in to ensure the neutrality of the final decision-makers. Managers need to explain their reasoning for all hires and promotions to senior management for approval.

Suppose an instance occurs at a company where a close personal friend or family member becomes a serious candidate for a position. In that case, the existing staff member related to the candidate should recuse themselves from deciding on their fate.

The document that should guide the final determination during hiring is the job description.

Having exact, accurate, and detailed job descriptions for every role in a company can help shield against nepotism perhaps more than anything else. It sets the expectations and qualifications required for a position and clearly shows when a significant discrepancy is present between the candidate and the job description.

Common questions about nepotism in the workplace

What is nepotism?

Nepotism is the practice of giving someone preferential treatment at work because of a personal relationship rather than their qualifications or performance. This often involves hiring, promoting, or rewarding family members based on connections rather than merit.

What is the difference between nepotism and cronyism?

Nepotism and cronyism are both forms of workplace favoritism, but they differ slightly: Nepotism refers specifically to favoritism toward family members or relatives, while cronyism refers to favoritism toward friends, political allies, or close associates.

Both practices can undermine fairness, employee morale, and trust in leadership if decisions are not based on merit.

Is nepotism against the law?

In most countries, nepotism itself is not illegal in the private sector. However, it can become a legal issue if it results in discrimination. In government or public sector organizations, specific anti-nepotism laws may apply.

Is nepotism bad for businesses?

Nepotism can harm organizations when it leads to unqualified hires or unfair treatment. Common negative effects include lower employee morale, reduced engagement, higher employee turnover, poor workplace culture, and limited diversity and innovation.

In some situations, such as family-run businesses, hiring relatives can work if decisions are still based on competence and clear performance expectations.

Does nepotism include friends?

Traditionally, nepotism refers to favoritism toward family members, but in everyday use the term is sometimes applied to friends as well.

More accurately, favoritism toward friends is called cronyism. Both practices involve personal relationships influencing professional decisions instead of objective criteria.

Is nepotism a form of discrimination?

Nepotism is not automatically considered discrimination, but it can contribute to discriminatory outcomes.

For example, if a company consistently hires relatives who all share the same race, gender, or background, qualified candidates from other groups may be unfairly excluded. In these cases, nepotism could potentially support a discrimination claim.

Is employee referral the same as nepotism?

No. Employee referrals and nepotism are different. Referrals recommend candidates from an employee’s network, but still require them to go through a fair and competitive hiring process. Nepotism occurs when someone is hired or promoted primarily because of their personal connection, regardless of qualifications.

A transparent recruitment process helps ensure referrals remain merit-based.